Breast Cancer in Men: Why Awareness Matters for Everyone

Breast Cancer in Men: Why Awareness Matters for Everyone

When most people think of breast cancer, they often assume it’s a disease that exclusively affects women. However, men can—and do—get breast cancer too. While male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases globally (American Cancer Society, 2024), the lack of awareness and the stigma associated with it can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. In fact, the incidence of male breast cancer is approximately 1 in 833 men (National Breast Cancer Foundation, 2023). Understanding that breast cancer doesn’t discriminate by gender is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

Understanding Male Breast Cancer

Men have a small amount of breast tissue located directly behind their nipples. This tissue can develop cancer cells just like female breast tissue. Male breast cancer typically develops in the ducts (ductal carcinoma) and may spread to nearby tissues if not treated promptly. Most cases are diagnosed in men between the ages of 60 and 70 (American Cancer Society, 2024), but it can occur at any age.

Because men aren’t routinely screened for breast cancer like women, many are unaware that they are at risk. As a result, male breast cancer is often diagnosed at a more advanced stage, making treatment more complex and reducing the likelihood of a positive outcome. Studies indicate that nearly 40% of male breast cancers are diagnosed at stage III or IV, compared to just 25% of female breast cancers (National Cancer Institute, 2022).

Symptoms of Male Breast Cancer

Recognizing the early signs and symptoms of male breast cancer is the first step towards timely medical intervention. Common symptoms include:

• A Lump or Thickening in the Breast Area: The most common sign of breast cancer in men is a painless lump or thickening in the breast tissue. Since male breast tissue is limited, these lumps are usually easier to feel and detect. Research shows that 80% of men with breast cancer first notice a lump (Breast Cancer Now, 2023).
• Changes in the Skin: Redness, puckering, or dimpling of the skin over the breast may indicate underlying breast cancer.
• Nipple Changes: Any changes in the nipple, such as inversion (nipple turning inward), scaling, or the appearance of a rash, should be taken seriously. These changes could signal the presence of cancer cells in the ducts.
• Nipple Discharge: Although less common, any discharge from the nipple, whether clear or bloody, can be a sign of breast cancer in men and warrants immediate medical evaluation. According to the Mayo Clinic, 6% of male breast cancer cases involve nipple discharge (Mayo Clinic, 2022).

Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer

Several risk factors can increase a man’s likelihood of developing breast cancer, including:

• Age: Like in women, the risk of breast cancer increases with age. Most male breast cancers are diagnosed in men over 60. Approximately 80% of male breast cancer cases occur in men aged 60 and older (CDC, 2023).
• Family History and Genetics: A family history of breast cancer, especially if a close female relative has had it, increases the risk. Additionally, men who carry certain genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are at a higher risk. Men with BRCA2 mutations, in particular, are more likely to develop breast cancer than those with BRCA1 mutations. Studies suggest that men with BRCA2 mutations have a 6% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2023).
• Hormonal Imbalances: Conditions that increase estrogen levels in men, such as Klinefelter syndrome, obesity, or liver disease, can raise the risk of developing breast cancer. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer may also elevate this risk.
• Radiation Exposure: Men who have undergone radiation therapy to the chest area (e.g., for Hodgkin’s lymphoma) have an increased likelihood of developing breast cancer later in life. Research indicates that the relative risk of male breast cancer after chest radiation exposure is 4.1 times higher (International Journal of Cancer, 2022).
• Other Health Conditions: Certain conditions like gynecomastia (benign breast enlargement in men) or testicular issues (e.g., undescended testicle, orchitis) can increase the risk of male breast cancer.

Why Awareness Matters: The Challenges of Male Breast Cancer

Despite advancements in cancer research and treatment, many men are unaware of their risk for breast cancer. This lack of awareness often leads to:

• Delayed Diagnosis: Because men don’t typically think of themselves as susceptible to breast cancer, they may ignore symptoms or delay seeking medical help, leading to diagnosis at more advanced stages. Studies show that 50% of male breast cancer cases are diagnosed at stage II or higher (National Cancer Database, 2023).
• Stigma and Embarrassment: The misconception that breast cancer is a “woman’s disease” can cause men to feel embarrassed or ashamed about their condition. This stigma can prevent them from discussing symptoms with their doctor or participating in breast cancer awareness initiatives.
• Limited Research and Resources: Due to the rarity of male breast cancer, there is limited research focused on understanding the disease in men. Most breast cancer research, clinical trials, and awareness campaigns target women, leaving a gap in resources and support tailored specifically for men.

Promoting Awareness for All

Breast cancer awareness campaigns should not be limited by gender. Promoting the fact that breast cancer can affect both men and women is essential for the following reasons:

• Encouraging Early Detection: Early detection saves lives. By educating both men and women about male breast cancer, we can empower men to seek help at the first sign of a problem, increasing the chances of early diagnosis and successful treatment. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for early-stage male breast cancer is 84%, compared to just 24% for stage IV (American Cancer Society, 2024).
• Reducing Stigma: Open conversations about male breast cancer can help reduce the stigma and embarrassment men may feel. Encouraging men to speak up about their health concerns can lead to more men taking proactive steps in monitoring their breast health.
• Supporting Research and Resources: The more we raise awareness about male breast cancer, the more attention and funding can be directed towards research and the development of targeted resources for men. This can lead to better treatment options and support systems tailored to the unique needs of male breast cancer patients.
• Involving Families: Just like women, men’s family members need to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of male breast cancer. This is particularly important for men with a family history of the disease or known genetic predispositions. The BRCA2 gene mutation, for instance, increases the likelihood of male breast cancer to 7%, compared to 0.1% in the general male population (Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2023).

Takeaway: Breast Cancer is Everyone’s Concern

While breast cancer in men is rare, it’s a reality that cannot be overlooked. By breaking down gender stereotypes and fostering a more inclusive approach to breast cancer awareness, we can ensure that everyone, regardless of gender, is educated and empowered to take control of their breast health.

If you or a loved one experience any unusual changes in the breast area, consult a healthcare professional without delay. Remember, when it comes to breast cancer, early detection and prompt treatment are key—regardless of whether you’re male or female. Together, we can support the fight against breast cancer and save lives, one person at a time.

 

 

Written by Sayuru, Content Writer at Durdans Hospital

Reviewed by Dr. Shreen Wilathgamuwa, Resident Family Physician.